Suchergebnisse

What distinguishes a peace enforcement operation from an invasion? This question has been asked with particular vehemence since the US intervention in Iraq, but it faces all military operations seeking to impose peace in countries torn by civil war. This book highlights the critical role of international organisations (IOs) as gatekeepers to international legitimacy for modern peace enforcement operations. The author analyses five operations launched through four IOs: the ECOWAS intervention in Liberia, the SADC operations in the Democratic Republic of Congo and Lesotho, the NATO Kosovo campaign and the UN intervention in East Timor. In all these campaigns, lead states sought IO mandates primarily to establish the international legitimacy of their interventions. The evidence suggests that international relations are structured by commonly accepted rules, that both democratic and authoritarian states care about the international legitimacy of their actions, and that IOs have a key function in world politics

Token forces - tiny national troop contributions in much larger coalitions - have become ubiquitous in UN peacekeeping. This Element examines how and why this contribution type has become the most common form of participation in UN peace operations despite its limited relevance for missions' operational success. It conceptualizes token forces as a path-dependent unintended consequence of the norm of multilateralism in international uses of military force. The norm extends states' participation options by giving coalition builders an incentive to accept token forces; UN-specific types of token forces emerged as states learned about this option and secretariat officials adapted to state demand for it. The Element documents the growing incidence of token forces in UN peacekeeping, identifies the factors disposing states to contribute token forces, and discusses how UN officials channel token participation. The Element contributes to the literatures on UN peacekeeping, military coalitions, and the impacts of norms in international organizations.

Introduction / By Katharina Coleman, Markus Kornprobst, and Annette Seegers -- Where Local and Global Orders Interface: An Analysis of How Civil Society Actors Contextualise Human Rights Norms in South Africa / By Maxine Rubin and Masana Ndinga-Kanga -- Human Rights in South Africa's Identity: The Interplay of International and Domestic Mechanisms in South Africa's Identity in Global Politics / By Annette Seegers -- Zaire's Exile-Diplomats: African Agency in Overlapping Orders / By Colin Hendrickx -- The Borderlands of Order in the Borderlands of Africa: Katanga and the Caprivi Strip / By Jan Erk -- Establishment of a New Regional Order in the Horn of Africa / By Sonia Le Gouriellec -- The ECOWAS Commission and the Making of Regional Order in West Africa: Intersecting Logics in International Public Administration / By Stefan Gänzle, Jarle Trondal, and Nadja Kühn -- Overlaps and Distinctiveness: Africa's Nuclear Order / By Markus Kornprobst -- African Diplomacy in United Nations Peacekeeping Operations / By Katharina P. Coleman -- Non-Impunity, the International Criminal Court and the African Union: Exploring the Borderland of the International Orders Related to Non-Impunity / By Martin Welz -- Stirring the Pot: The African Union and the International Order / By Thomas Kwasi Tieku -- Africa in the Throes of Global Pushes and Pulls / By Eghosa E. Osaghae -- Conclusion / By Katharina Coleman, Markus Kornprobst, and Annette Seegers.